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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Research'n Practical Medicine Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research and Practical Medicine Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2410-1893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"QUASAR", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17709/2410-1893-2026-13-2-9</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">DCKSJQ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpmj-1244</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные диагностические критерии адренокортикальных опухолей: от морфологии к молекулярной классификации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Contemporary diagnostic criteria for adrenocortical neoplasms: from morphology to molecular classification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буланов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulanov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Буланов Дмитрий Владимирович – к.м.н., врач-патологоанатом, доцент кафедры патологической анатомии и клинической патологической анатомии Института биологии и патологии человека ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643</ext-link>, SPIN: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?authorid=1102049" ext-link-type="uri">2641-6658</ext-link>, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?authorid=1102049" ext-link-type="uri">1102049</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57189492346" ext-link-type="uri">57189492346</ext-link>, Web of Science ResearcherID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/59854956" ext-link-type="uri">KVY-3412-2024</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Dmitriy V. Bulanov – Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Pathologist, Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Human Biology and Pathology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643</ext-link>, SPIN: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?authorid=1102049" ext-link-type="uri">2641-6658</ext-link>, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?authorid=1102049" ext-link-type="uri">1102049</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57189492346" ext-link-type="uri">57189492346</ext-link>, Web of Science ResearcherID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/59854956" ext-link-type="uri">KVY-3412-2024</ext-link></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3340-6456</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колзин</surname><given-names>Ф. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolzin</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Колзин Фёдор Михайлович – студент ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3340-6456" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3340-6456</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Fedor M. Kolzin – student, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3340-6456" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3340-6456</ext-link></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3397-1856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дадаян</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dadayan</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Дадаян Станислав Армоевич – студент ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3397-1856" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3397-1856</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Stanislav A. Dadayan – student, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3397-1856" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3397-1856</ext-link></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1190-1712</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердюгина</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdyugina</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Бердюгина Елизавета Юрьевна – студент ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1190-1712" ext-link-type="uri"> https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1190-1712</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Elizaveta Yu. Berdyugina – student, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1190-1712" ext-link-type="uri"> https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1190-1712</ext-link></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5865-4203</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полубков</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polubkov</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Полубков Иван Игоревич – студент ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5865-4203" ext-link-type="uri"> https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5865-4203</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Ivan I. Polubkov – student, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5865-4203" ext-link-type="uri"> https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5865-4203</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">van.polubkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации &lt;p&gt;&#13;
г. Москва, Российская Федерация</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University &lt;p&gt;&#13;
Moscow, Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>121</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Буланов Д.В., Колзин Ф.М., Дадаян С.А., Бердюгина Е.Ю., Полубков И.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Буланов Д.В., Колзин Ф.М., Дадаян С.А., Бердюгина Е.Ю., Полубков И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bulanov D.V., Kolzin F.M., Dadayan S.A., Berdyugina E.Y., Polubkov I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/1244">https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/1244</self-uri><abstract><p>Диагностика адренокортикальных опухолей существенно улучшилась за последнее время благодаря внедрению воспроизводимых морфологических шкал в сочетании с валидированными иммуногистохимическими и молекулярными маркерами. Изменения в классификации адренокортикальных опухолей WHO-2025, консенсусы ICCR и современные клинические рекомендации усилили требования к стандартам морфологической диагностики, определению ИГХ-профиля и интерпретации полученных результатов.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Систематизировать современные морфологические, иммуногистохимические и молекулярные критерии адренокортикальных опухолей и представить практический алгоритм их поэтапного применения в патологоанатомической диагностике.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Аналитический обзор публикаций 2021–2025 гг. по патологической анатомии и молекулярной онкоэндокринологии адренокортикальных опухолей, включая WHO-2025, наборы данных ICCR, обновления европейских рекомендаций и многоцентровые когорты.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Классические морфологические критерии, которые включают в себя оценку митотической активности, капсулярной и сосудистой инвазии, а также признаки клеточной атипии, остаются одними из основных при диагностике адренокортикальных опухолей. В обзоре систематизированы ключевые морфологические инструменты: критерии Weiss/модифицированные, Helsinki-score, ретикулиновый алгоритм; уточнены диагностические особенности онкоцитарных (Lin-Weiss-Bisceglia), миксоидных и педиатрических вариантов адренокортикальных опухолей. Обобщены данные о роли SF-1 как высокоспецифичного маркера коркового происхождения; высокого индекса Ki-67 – как важнейшего диагностического и прогностического показателя злокачественности новообразований (с учетом порогов и строгих требований к методике подсчета); повышенной экспрессии IGF2 – как дополнительного маркера злокачественности. Представлена обобщенная сводная характеристика молекулярных драйверов (TP53, CTNNB1/β-катенин, ZNRF3, TERT-promoter), метилируемые подписи и сигнатуры miRNA (miR-483), а также вклад одноядерной/ пространственной транскриптомики и неинвазивных биомаркеров (стероидный метаболом, жидкая биопсия).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Переход к интегральной морфомолекулярной стратификации повышает диагностическую и прогностическую точность при адренокортикальных опухолях, обеспечивает сопоставимость отчетов и облегчает отбор пациентов для наблюдения и терапии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors has undergone substantial changes in recent years owing to the introduction of reproducible morphological scoring systems combined with validated immunohistochemical and molecular markers. Updates to the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours (2025), ICCR datasets, and contemporary clinical guidelines have strengthened requirements for morphological diagnostic standards, immunohistochemical profiling, and interpretation of pathological findings.</p><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study. To systematize contemporary morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular criteria for adrenocortical tumors and to provide a practical algorithm for their stepwise application in pathological diagnosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. An analytical review of publications from 2021 to 2025 on the pathology and molecular oncoendocrinology of adrenocortical tumors was performed, including the WHO-2025 classification, ICCR datasets, updates to European clinical guidelines, and multicenter studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Classical morphological criteria, including assessment of mitotic activity, capsular and vascular invasion, and cytological atypia, remain fundamental for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors. The review systematizes the principal morphological tools, including the Weiss criteria and their modifications, the Helsinki score, and the reticulin algorithm. Diagnostic features of oncocytic (Lin–Weiss–Bisceglia), myxoid, and pediatric variants of adrenocortical tumors are discussed. Current evidence regarding the role of SF-1 as a highly specific marker of adrenocortical origin is summarized, together with the significance of a high Ki-67 index as one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic indicators of malignancy, taking into account established threshold values and strict counting methodology. Increased IGF2 expression is also highlighted as an additional marker of malignancy. Furthermore, the review provides a comprehensive overview of major molecular drivers, including TP53, CTNNB1/β-catenin, ZNRF3, and TERT-promoter alterations, as well as DNA methylation signatures and microRNA profiles (miR-483). The contribution of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics and emerging noninvasive biomarkers, including steroid metabolomics and liquid biopsy, is also discussed.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The transition toward integrated morphomolecular stratification improves diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in adrenocortical tumors, enhances the comparability of pathology reports, and facilitates patient selection for surveillance and treatment.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>адренокортикальная карцинома</kwd><kwd>надпочечник</kwd><kwd>корковое вещество</kwd><kwd>критерии Weiss</kwd><kwd>Helsinki-score</kwd><kwd>ретикулиновый алгоритм</kwd><kwd>Ki-67</kwd><kwd>SF-1</kwd><kwd>IGF2</kwd><kwd>TERT-promoter</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adrenocortical carcinoma</kwd><kwd>adrenal gland</kwd><kwd>adrenal cortex</kwd><kwd>Weiss criteria</kwd><kwd>Helsinki score</kwd><kwd>reticulin algorithm</kwd><kwd>Ki-67</kwd><kwd>SF-1</kwd><kwd>IGF2</kwd><kwd>TERT-promoter</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sigala S, Rossini E, Abate A, Tamburello M, Bornstein SR, Hantel C. 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