<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Research'n Practical Medicine Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research and Practical Medicine Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2410-1893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"QUASAR", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17709/2410-1893-2022-9-1-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpmj-779</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гиперактивность тучных клеток как фактор патогенеза мужского бесплодия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mast cell hyperactivity as the factor in the pathogenesis of male infertility</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-3670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кульченко</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulchenko</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кульченко Нина Геннадьевна – к.м.н., врач-уролог, врач ультразвуковой диагностики, доцент кафедры анатомии человека Медицинского института, SPIN: 1899-7871, AuthorID: 543055</p><p>117198, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina G. Kulchenko – Cand. Sci. (Med.), urologist, the Associate professor, department of Human Anatomy Medical Institute, SPIN: 1899-7871, AuthorID: 543055</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kle-kni@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кульченко Н.Г., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кульченко Н.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulchenko N.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/779">https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/779</self-uri><abstract><p>Доля мужчин с нарушениями в эякуляте ежегодно увеличивается, что является одним их факторов снижения рождаемости, и становится как медицинской, так и социальной проблемой. Современные методы диагностики позволяют распознавать многие факторы мужского бесплодия: генетические, эндокринные, инфекционные, экстрагенитальные и т.д. Однако, несмотря на все современные медико-биологические достижения, остаётся 1/3 пациентов с нераспознанной причиной (идиопатической) мужского бесплодия. При этом нельзя забывать, что часть пациентов из этой категории для реализации отцовства не хотят прибегать к вспомогательным репродуктивным технологиям, и стремятся достичь беременности естественным путем. Поэтому поиск причин мужского бесплодия остается актуальным вопросом современной урологии. В этой статье проведен обзор литературы, посвященный роли тучных клеток в патогенезе мужского бесплодия. Тучные клетки влияют на пролиферацию, функцию и фенотип фибробластов в условиях гипоксии. Активация фибробластов усиливает фибриллогенез коллагена. Исследования российских и зарубежных ученых показали, что при патоспермии количество тучных клеток в соединительной ткани яичка резко возрастает. На фоне увеличения количества тучных клеток в интерстиции яичка, усиливается фиброз стенки извитых семенных канальцев. Более того, при тяжелых нарушениях сперматогенеза (синдром клеток Сертоли, аплазия сперматогенного эпителия) тучные клетки были обнаружены и в перитубулярном пространстве, и в просвете извитых семенных канальцев. У большинства бесплодных мужчин обнаружено значительное количество тучных клеток в эякуляте. Есть единичные сведения об отрицательной корреляции наличия тучных клеток в семенной плазме с концентрацией и подвижностью сперматозоидов. Заключение. Негативное влияние тучных клеток на сперматогенез до конца остается неизвестным. Тучные клетки обладают высокой способностью к миграции в соединительной ткани, которая усиливается во время воспаления и выработки множества медиаторов, протеаз и гистамина, цитокинов, что может быть как триггером в формировании патоспермии, так и причиной формирования фиброза в яичке.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The proportion of men with impaired sperm fertility is increasing every year, which is one of the factors in the decline in fertility and is becoming both a medical and social problem. Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to recognize many factors of male infertility: genetic, endocrine, infectious, extra-genital, etc. However, despite all modern biomedical advances, 1/3 of patients remain with an unrecognized cause (idiopathic) of male infertility. At the same time, we must not forget that most patients from this category do not want to resort to assisted reproductive technologies to realize paternity, and they strive to achieve pregnancy in a natural way. Therefore, the search for the causes of male infertility remains an urgent issue in modern urology field. This article reviews the literature on the role of mast cells in the formation of fibrosis in tissues, including the testis. Mast cells affect the proliferation, functioning and phenotype of fibroblasts put under hypoxic conditions. Fibroblast activation enhances collagen fibrillogenesis. Studies by Russian and foreign scientists have shown that with sperm pathology, the number of mast cells in the connective tissue of the testicle increases sharply. Against the background of an increase in the number of mast cells in the interstitium of the testis, fibrosis of the wall of the convoluted seminiferous tubules increases. Moreover, in severe spermatogenesis disorders (Sertoli cell-only syndrome, Germ cell aplasia), mast cells were found both in the peritubular space and in the lumen of the convoluted seminiferous tubules. Most infertile men have significant amounts of significant amounts of mast cells in their ejaculate. There are sporadic data on the negative correlation between the presence of mast cells in seminal plasma and the concentration and motility of spermatozoa. Conclusion. The negative effect of mast cells on spermatogenesis remains unknown to the end. Mast cells have a high ability to migrate to connective tissue, which levels increase during inflammation, and the production of many mediators, proteases and histamine, cytokines, which can be both a trigger in the formation of sperm pathology and the cause of the formation of fibrosis in the testicle.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мужское бесплодие</kwd><kwd>тучные клетки</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>семенная плазма</kwd><kwd>эякулят</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>гемато-тестикулярный барьер</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>male infertility</kwd><kwd>mast cells</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>seminal plasma</kwd><kwd>ejaculate</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>hemato-testicular barrier</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарасова Т. В., Саушев И. В. Генетические причины азооспермии. Вестник Биомедицина и социология. 2019;4(2):16–20. https://doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2618-8783-2019-4-2-16-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasova TV, Saushev IV. Genetic causes of azoospermia. Bulletin Biomedicine and Sociology. 2019;4(2):16–20. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2618-8783-2019-4-2-16-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тактаров В. Г., Ройтберг Г. Е., Алексеева М-Ф. Ф., Барсков И. В. Особенности клинического наблюдения варикоцеле в сочетании с патоспермией. Врач скорой помощи. 2020;(12):72–79. https://doi.org/10.33920/med-02-2012-05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taktarov VG, Roitberg GE, Alekseeva M-F F, Barskov IV. Features of clinical observation of varicocele with pathospermia. Journal Ambulance Doctor. 2020;(12):72–79. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33920/med-02-2012-05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krausz C, Riera-Escamilla A. Genetics of male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2018 Jun;15(6):369–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0003-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krausz C, Riera-Escamilla A. Genetics of male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2018 Jun;15(6):369–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0003-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гамидов С. И., Шатылко Т. В., Попова А. Ю., Гасанов Н. Г., Гамидов Р. С. Оксидативный стресс сперматозоидов: клиническое значение и коррекция. Медицинский совет. 2021;(3):19–27. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-3-19-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gamidov SI, Shatylko TV, Popova AYu, Gasanov NG, Gamidov RS. Sperm oxidative stress: clinical significance and management. Medical Council. 2021;(3):19–27. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-3-19-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сапожкова Ж. Ю., Милованова Г. А., Пацап О. И. Лабораторная диагностика мужского бесплодия. Маркеры. Часть I. Лабораторная и клиническая медицина. Фармация. 2021;1(1):57–68. https://doi.org/10.14489/lcmp.2021.01.pp.057-068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapozhkova ZhYu, Milovanova GA, Patsap OI. Laboratory diagnostics of male infertility. Biomarkers. Part I. Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. Pharmacy. 2021;1(1):57–68. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.14489/lcmp.2021.01.pp.057-068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркисян Д. В., Виноградов И. В. Современный взгляд на лечение кист придатка яичка как фактора обструктивной азооспермии. Вестник урологии. 2019;7(3):47–54. https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2019-7-3-47-54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkisyan DV, Vinogradov IV. A modern view on the Epididymal Cyst treatment as an Obstructive Azoospermia factor. Vestnik Urologii. 2019;7(3):47–54. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2019-7-3-47-54</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костин А. А., Каприн А. Д., Семин А. В., Круглов Д. П., Даниелян А. А. Бесплодие как аспект качества жизни онкологических больных. Онкоурология. 2009;5(4):63–67. https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2009-5-4-63-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostin АА, Kaprin AD, Semin AV, Kruglov DP, Daniyelyan AA. Infertility as an aspect of quality of life in cancer patients. Cancer Urology. 2009;5(4):63–67. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2009-5-4-63-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuppe H-C, Pilatz A, Hossain H, Meinhardt A, Bergmann M, Haidl G, et al. Orchitis and male infertility. Urologe A. 2010 May;49(5):629–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-010-2256-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuppe H-C, Pilatz A, Hossain H, Meinhardt A, Bergmann M, Haidl G, et al. Orchitis and male infertility. Urologe A. 2010 May;49(5):629–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-010-2256-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кадыров З. А., Москвичев Д. Д., Фаниев М. В. Показатели ингибина В в сыворотке крови у инфертильных больных. Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2016;17(1):23–27. https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2016-17-1-23-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadyrov ZA, Moskvichev DD, Faniev MV. Serum inhibin B values in infertile patients. Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2016;17(1):23– 27. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2016-17-1-23-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulchenko N, Pashina N. Association of leukocyte activity and dna fragmentation in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Georgian Med News. 2020 Feb;(299):26–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchenko N, Pashina N. Association of leukocyte activity and dna fragmentation in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Georgian Med News. 2020 Feb;(299):26–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atyakshin D, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I, Boecker W, Tiemann M. Characterization of mast cell populations using different methods for their identification. Histochem Cell Biol. 2017 Jun;147(6):683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-017-1547-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atyakshin D, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I, Boecker W, Tiemann M. Characterization of mast cell populations using different methods for their identification. Histochem Cell Biol. 2017 Jun;147(6):683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-017-1547-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frungieri MB, Weidinger S, Meineke V, Köhn FM, Mayerhofer A. Proliferative action of mast-cell tryptase is mediated by PAR2, COX2, prostaglandins, and PPARgamma: Possible relevance to human fibrotic disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):15072– 15077. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232422999</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frungieri MB, Weidinger S, Meineke V, Köhn FM, Mayerhofer A. Proliferative action of mast-cell tryptase is mediated by PAR2, COX2, prostaglandins, and PPARgamma: Possible relevance to human fibrotic disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):15072– 15077. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232422999</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Mast cells and collagen fibrillogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol. 2020 Jul;154(1):21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-020-01875-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Mast cells and collagen fibrillogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol. 2020 Jul;154(1):21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-020-01875-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shea-Donohue T, Stiltz J, Zhao A, Notari L. Mast cells. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-010-0132-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shea-Donohue T, Stiltz J, Zhao A, Notari L. Mast cells. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-010-0132-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol. 2018 May;149(5):461–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol. 2018 May;149(5):461–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Mast cell chymase: morphofunctional characteristics. Histochem Cell Biol. 2019 Oct;152(4):253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-019-01803-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Mast cell chymase: morphofunctional characteristics. Histochem Cell Biol. 2019 Oct;152(4):253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-019-01803-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Lin L, Chai X, Wu Y, Li Y, Liu X. Hypoxic mast cells accelerate the proliferation, collagen accumulation and phenotypic alteration of human lung fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 2020 Jan;45(1):175–185. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4400</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Lin L, Chai X, Wu Y, Li Y, Liu X. Hypoxic mast cells accelerate the proliferation, collagen accumulation and phenotypic alteration of human lung fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 2020 Jan;45(1):175–185. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4400</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболева М. Ю., Никитюк Д. Б., Алексеева Н .Т., Клочкова С. В., Атякшин Д. А., Гзрасимова О. А. и др. Гистотопография тучных клеток кожи при моделировании ожога в условиях применения различных методов регионарного воздействия. Гены и Клетки. 2021;16(1):69–74. https://doi.org/10.23868/202104011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva MYu, Nikityuk DB, Alexeeva NT, Klochkova SV, Atyakshin DA, Gerasimova OA, et al. Features of histotopography of skin mast cells when simulating a burn under conditions of using various methods of regional exposure. Genes and Cells. 2021;16(1):69–74. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23868/202104011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilgus TA, Ud-Din S, Bayat A. A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 18;21(24):E9673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249673</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilgus TA, Ud-Din S, Bayat A. A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 18;21(24):E9673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249673</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ud-Din S, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. Mast Cells in Skin Scarring: A Review of Animal and Human Research. Front Immunol. 2020;11:552205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.552205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ud-Din S, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. Mast Cells in Skin Scarring: A Review of Animal and Human Research. Front Immunol. 2020;11:552205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.552205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболева М. Ю., Алексеева Н. Т., Клочкова С. В. Клеточно-матриксные взаимодействия при спонтанном заживлении ожоговой раны (ультраструктурные и цитологические особенности). Морфология. 2020;157(2-3):197–198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva MYu, Alekseeva NT, Klochkova SV. Cell-matrix interactions during spontaneous healing of a burn wound (ultrastructural and cytological characteristics). Morphology. 2020;157(2-3):197–198. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Jayaswal N, Mezghani I, Zhang W, et al. Mast Cells in Diabetes and Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Ther. 2020 Nov;37(11):4519–4537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01499-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Jayaswal N, Mezghani I, Zhang W, et al. Mast Cells in Diabetes and Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Ther. 2020 Nov;37(11):4519–4537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01499-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masini M, Suleiman M, Novelli M, Marselli L, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Mast Cells and the Pancreas in Human Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells. 2021 Jul 23;10(8):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081875</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masini M, Suleiman M, Novelli M, Marselli L, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Mast Cells and the Pancreas in Human Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells. 2021 Jul 23;10(8):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081875</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bot I, Shi G-P, Kovanen PT. Mast cells as effectors in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Feb;35(2):265–271. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303570</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bot I, Shi G-P, Kovanen PT. Mast cells as effectors in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Feb;35(2):265–271. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermans M, Lennep JR van, van Daele P, Bot I. Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 10;20(14):3395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermans M, Lennep JR van, van Daele P, Bot I. Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 10;20(14):3395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wezel A, Lagraauw HM, van der Velden D, de Jager SCA, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, et al. Mast cells mediate neutrophil recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Aug;241(2):289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wezel A, Lagraauw HM, van der Velden D, de Jager SCA, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, et al. Mast cells mediate neutrophil recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Aug;241(2):289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parrella E, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke. Cells. 2019 May 10;8(5):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050437</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parrella E, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke. Cells. 2019 May 10;8(5):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050437</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haidl G, Duan Y-G, Chen S-J, Kohn F-M, Schuppe H-C, Allam J-P. The role of mast cells in male infertility. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Sep;7(5):627–634. https://doi.org/10.1586/eci.11.57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haidl G, Duan Y-G, Chen S-J, Kohn F-M, Schuppe H-C, Allam J-P. The role of mast cells in male infertility. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Sep;7(5):627–634. https://doi.org/10.1586/eci.11.57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamanaka K, Fujisawa M, Tanaka H, Okada H, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Significance of human testicular mast cells and their subtypes in male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jul;15(7):1543–1547. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.7.1543</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamanaka K, Fujisawa M, Tanaka H, Okada H, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Significance of human testicular mast cells and their subtypes in male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jul;15(7):1543–1547. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.7.1543</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульченко Н. Г. Нарушение сперматогенеза. Морфологические аспекты. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина. 2018;22(3):265–271. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2018-22-3-265-271</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchenko NG. Distruption of spermatogenesis. Morphological aspects. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(3):265–271. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2018-22-3-265-271</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apa DD, Cayan S, Polat A, Akbay E. Mast cells and fibrosis on testicular biopsies in male infertility. Arch Androl. 2002 Oct;48(5):337– 344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01485010290099183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apa DD, Cayan S, Polat A, Akbay E. Mast cells and fibrosis on testicular biopsies in male infertility. Arch Androl. 2002 Oct;48(5):337– 344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01485010290099183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam M, Schwarzer JU, Köhn FM, Strauss L, Poutanen M, Mayerhofer A. Mast cell tryptase stimulates production of decorin by human testicular peritubular cells: possible role of decorin in male infertility by interfering with growth factor signaling. Hum Reprod. 2011 Oct;26(10):2613–2625. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam M, Schwarzer JU, Köhn FM, Strauss L, Poutanen M, Mayerhofer A. Mast cell tryptase stimulates production of decorin by human testicular peritubular cells: possible role of decorin in male infertility by interfering with growth factor signaling. Hum Reprod. 2011 Oct;26(10):2613–2625. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welter H, Köhn FM, Mayerhofer A. Mast cells in human testicular biopsies from patients with mixed atrophy: increased numbers, heterogeneity, and expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin D2 synthase. Fertil Steril. 2011 Aug;96(2):309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welter H, Köhn FM, Mayerhofer A. Mast cells in human testicular biopsies from patients with mixed atrophy: increased numbers, heterogeneity, and expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin D2 synthase. Fertil Steril. 2011 Aug;96(2):309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdel-Hamid AAM, Atef H, Zalata KR, Abdel-Latif A. Correlation between testicular mast cell count and spermatogenic epithelium in non-obstructive azoospermia. Int J Exp Pathol. 2018 Feb;99(1):22–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12261</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel-Hamid AAM, Atef H, Zalata KR, Abdel-Latif A. Correlation between testicular mast cell count and spermatogenic epithelium in non-obstructive azoospermia. Int J Exp Pathol. 2018 Feb;99(1):22–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12261</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roaiah MMF, Khatab H, Mostafa T. Mast cells in testicular biopsies of azoospermic men. Andrologia. 2007 Oct;39(5):185–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00793.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roaiah MMF, Khatab H, Mostafa T. Mast cells in testicular biopsies of azoospermic men. Andrologia. 2007 Oct;39(5):185–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00793.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Windschuttl S, Nettersheim D, Schlatt S, Huber A, Welter H, Schwarzer JU, et al. Are testicular mast cells involved in the regulation of germ cells in man? Andrology. 2014 Jul;2(4):615–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00227.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Windschuttl S, Nettersheim D, Schlatt S, Huber A, Welter H, Schwarzer JU, et al. Are testicular mast cells involved in the regulation of germ cells in man? Andrology. 2014 Jul;2(4):615–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00227.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elieh Ali Komi D, Shafaghat F, Haidl G. Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020 May;83(5):e13228. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elieh Ali Komi D, Shafaghat F, Haidl G. Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020 May;83(5):e13228. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allam J-P, Langer M, Fathy A, Oltermann I, Bieber T, Novak N, et al. Mast cells in the seminal plasma of infertile men as detected by flow cytometry. Andrologia. 2009 Feb;41(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00879.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allam J-P, Langer M, Fathy A, Oltermann I, Bieber T, Novak N, et al. Mast cells in the seminal plasma of infertile men as detected by flow cytometry. Andrologia. 2009 Feb;41(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00879.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cincik M, Sezen SC. The mast cells in semen: their effects on sperm motility. Arch Androl. 2003 Aug;49(4):307–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/01485013090204995</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cincik M, Sezen SC. The mast cells in semen: their effects on sperm motility. Arch Androl. 2003 Aug;49(4):307–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/01485013090204995</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Karaksy A, Mostafa T, Shaeer OK, Bahgat DR, Samir N. Seminal mast cells in infertile asthenozoospermic males. Andrologia. 2007 Dec;39(6):244–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00795.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Karaksy A, Mostafa T, Shaeer OK, Bahgat DR, Samir N. Seminal mast cells in infertile asthenozoospermic males. Andrologia. 2007 Dec;39(6):244–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00795.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
