<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Research'n Practical Medicine Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research and Practical Medicine Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2410-1893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"QUASAR", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17709/2410-1893-2022-9-4-12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpmj-840</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мужское бесплодие в эпоху коронавирусной инфекции SARS-CoV-2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Male infertility along with the era of coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-3670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кульченко</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulchenko</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кульченко Нина Геннадьевна – кандидат медицинских наук, врач-уролог, врач ультразвуковой диагностики, доцент кафедры анатомии человека Медицинского института</p><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6 </p><p>SPIN: 1899-7871,</p><p>AuthorID: 543055</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina G. Kulchenko – Cand. Sci. (Med.), urologist, ultrasound diagnostics doctor, the associate professor at the department of Human Anatomy, medical faculty</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow 117198</p><p>SPIN: 1899-7871,</p><p>AuthorID: 543055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kle-kni@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-6068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дружинина</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzhinina</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дружинина Надежда Константиновна – ординатор кафедры урологии</p><p>Москва</p><p>SPIN: 2017-0926,</p><p>AuthorID: 1074829</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda K. Druzhinina – resident of the urology department</p><p>Moscow</p><p>SPIN: 2017-0926,</p><p>AuthorID: 1074829</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7613-326X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мяндина</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myandina</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мяндина Галина Ивановна – доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры биологии и общей генетики Медицинского института</p><p>Москва</p><p>SPIN: 2635-2234,</p><p>AuthorID: 90610</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina I. Myandina – Dr. Sci. (Biol.), professor, department of biology and general genetics, medical faculty</p><p>Moscow</p><p>SPIN: 2635-2234,</p><p>AuthorID: 90610</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГМСУ им. А. И. Евдокимова</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Medical University named after A. I. Evdokimov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кульченко Н.Г., Дружинина Н.К., Мяндина Г.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кульченко Н.Г., Дружинина Н.К., Мяндина Г.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulchenko N.G., Druzhinina N.K., Myandina G.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/840">https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/840</self-uri><abstract><p>Российские и зарубежные эпидемиологические данные свидетельствуют о том, что мужчины могут иметь повышенный риск заболеваемости и смертности, связанных с COVID‑19. Известно, из-за высокой экспрессии ACE2 в сперматогониях, клетках Лейдига и Сертоли, яичко, как орган продуцирующий мужские половые клетки, является потенциальной мишенью для вируса COVID‑19, что отражается непосредственно на репродуктивном здоровье мужчины. На сегодняшний день известны несколько факторов влияния вирус SARS-CoV‑2 на репродуктивную систему мужчины. Во-первых, при инфицировании вирус оказывает прямое повреждающее воздействие на само яичко с провокацией орхита. Во-вторых, высокая температура тела при воспалении способствует повышению температуры яичек, что может привести к ухудшению качества спермы. В-третьих, выраженная воспалительная реакция содействует циркуляции большого количества цитокинов и повреждению гемато-тестикулярного барьера. В-четвертых, повышенная активность иммуноцитов приводит к дисбалансу антиоксидантной системы мужчины, повышению уровня активных форм кислорода и формированию оксидативного стресса. В-пятых, дистрофия клеток Лейдига провоцирует развитие вторичного гипогонадизма. Таким образом, COVID‑19, словно «многоликий Янус», имеет полисимптомное проявление, но при этом оказывает многофакторное воздействие на репродуктивную функцию мужчины. Все эти факторы воздействия вируса SARS-CoV‑2 на яичко необходимо учитывать при реабилитации пациента. Следует помнить, что ухудшение качества спермы наблюдается как в острый период заболевания коронавирусной инфекцией, так и в период выздоровления. Поэтому лабораторная оценка эякулята в динамике и его коррекция необходима лицам мужского пола, особенно тем, кто планирует реализовать свой репродуктивный потенциал.</p><p>Заключение. COVID‑19 в целом оказывает негативное влияние на сперматогенез и мужскую фертильность. На сегодняшний день остаются до конца неизвестными сроки и степень восстановления репродуктивной функции мужчины после перенесенной коронавирусной инфекции. Поэтому как в ранний, так и в поздний период реабилитации мужчины репродуктивного возраста нуждаются в наблюдении андролога.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Russian and foreign epidemiological data suggest that males may have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID‑19. It is known that due to the high expression of ACE2 in spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells, the testicle, as an organ producing male germ cells, is a potential target for the COVID‑19 virus, which directly affects the reproductive health of men. To date, several factors of the influence of the SARS-CoV‑2 virus on the male reproductive system are known. To begin with, when infected, the virus has a direct damaging effect on the testicle itself with the provocation of orchitis. In addition to the previous statement, high body temperature during inflammation contributes to an increase in testicular temperature, which can lead to a deterioration in the quality of sperm. Furthermore, a pronounced inflammatory reaction promotes the circulation of a large number of cytokines and damage to the hemato-testicular barrier. Also, the increased activity of immunocytes leads to an imbalance of the antioxidant system of men, an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species and the formation of oxidative stress. In a Nutshell, Leydig cell dystrophy provokes the development of secondary hypogonadism. Thus, COVID‑19, like a “multifaceted Janus”, has a polysymptomatic manifestation, but at the same time has a multifactorial effect on the reproductive function of a man. All these factors of the impact of the SARS-CoV‑2 virus on the testicle must be considered when rehabilitating the patient. It should be kept in mind that the deterioration of sperm quality is observed both during the acute period of coronavirus infection and during recovery period. Therefore, laboratory evaluation of the ejaculate in dynamics and its correction is necessary for males, especially those who plan to realize their reproductive potential.</p><p>Conclusion. COVID‑19 generally has a negative impact on spermatogenesis and male fertility. To date, the timing and degree of restoration of a man’s reproductive function after a coronavirus infection remains completely unknown. Therefore, both in the early and late rehabilitation period, men of reproductive age need the supervision of an andrologist.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>мужское бесплодие</kwd><kwd>эякулят</kwd><kwd>орхоэпидидимит</kwd><kwd>тестостерон</kwd><kwd>сперматогенез</kwd><kwd>оксидативный стресс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>male infertility</kwd><kwd>ejaculate</kwd><kwd>orchoepididymitis</kwd><kwd>testosterone</kwd><kwd>spermatogenesis</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуковская С. В. мл., Жуковская С. В. Влияние COVID-19 на мужскую фертильность: обзор литературы. Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа. 2020;10(6):701–709. https://doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.6.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukovskaya SJr, Zhukovskaya SV. COVID-19 impact on male fertility: review. Reproductive Health Eastern Europe 2020;10(6):701– 709. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.6.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сатьянатх Р. К., Сороут Д., Джаячандра С., Ганди А., Кэкер С. Физиологические и клинические аспекты COVID-19. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина. 2020;24(3):201–206. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2020-24-3-201-206</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Satyanath RK, Sorout J, Jayachandra S, Gandhi A, Kacker S. Physiological and clinical aspects in COVID 19. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2020;24(3):201–206. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2020-24-3-201-206</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aitken RJ. COVID-19 and human spermatozoa-Potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission? Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):48– 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aitken RJ. COVID-19 and human spermatozoa-Potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission? Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):48– 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьменко А. В., Кузьменко В. В., Гяургиев Т. А. Особенности лечения пациентов с мужским фактором бесплодия в условиях пандемии COVID-19. РМЖ. 2020;13:10–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmenko AV, Kuzmenko VV, Gyaurgiev TA. Treatment characteristics of patients with male factor infertility in COVID-19. Russian Medical Journal. 2020;13:10–12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сапожкова Ж. Ю. Влияние вируса SARS-CoV-2 на мужское бесплодие. Лабораторная и клиническая медицина. Фармация. 2021;1(1):8–13. https://doi.org/10.14489/lcmp.2021.01.pp.008-013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapozhkova ZhYu. Viral Effect of SARS-Cov-2 on male infertility. Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. Pharmacy. 2021;1(1):8–13. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14489/lcmp.2021.01.pp.008-013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel DP, Punjani N, Guo J, Alukal JP, Li PS, Hotaling JM. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on male reproduction and men’s health. Fertil Steril. 2021 Apr;115(4):813–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel DP, Punjani N, Guo J, Alukal JP, Li PS, Hotaling JM. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on male reproduction and men’s health. Fertil Steril. 2021 Apr;115(4):813–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nassau DE, Best JC, Kresch E, Gonzalez DC, Khodamoradi K, Ramasamy R. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int. 2022 Feb;129(2):143–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15573</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nassau DE, Best JC, Kresch E, Gonzalez DC, Khodamoradi K, Ramasamy R. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int. 2022 Feb;129(2):143–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15573</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castañeda-Babarro A, Arbillaga-Etxarri A, Gutiérrez-Santamaría B, Coca A. Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 21;17(18):6878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186878</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castañeda-Babarro A, Arbillaga-Etxarri A, Gutiérrez-Santamaría B, Coca A. Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 21;17(18):6878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G, et al. COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Risk Factors Associated With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1345– 1355. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3539</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G, et al. COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Risk Factors Associated With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1345– 1355. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3539</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suba Z. Prevention and therapy of COVID-19 via exogenous estrogen treatment for both male and female patients. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;23(1):75–85. https://doi.org/10.18433/jpps31069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suba Z. Prevention and therapy of COVID-19 via exogenous estrogen treatment for both male and female patients. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;23(1):75–85. https://doi.org/10.18433/jpps31069</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lanser L, Burkert FR, Thommes L, Egger A, Hoermann G, Kaser S, et al. Testosterone Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jun 18;12:694083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.694083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lanser L, Burkert FR, Thommes L, Egger A, Hoermann G, Kaser S, et al. Testosterone Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jun 18;12:694083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.694083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, Morgan R, Klein SL. Impact of Sex and Gender on COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, Morgan R, Klein SL. Impact of Sex and Gender on COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Качковский М. А. Реабилитация при тяжелом течении COVID-19 и профилактика развития постковидного синдрома. Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, врач и здоровье. 2021;11(6):5–12. https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.6.covid.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachkovskii MA. Rehabilitation in severe COVID-19 and prevention of the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Bulletin of the Medical Institute “REAVIZ” (Rehabilitation, Doctor and Health). 2021;11(6):5–12. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.6.covid.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malki MI. COVID-19 and male infertility: An overview of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jul 8;101(27):e29401. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000029401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malki MI. COVID-19 and male infertility: An overview of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jul 8;101(27):e29401. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000029401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генералова Л. В., Бургасова О. А., Гущин В. А., Колобухина Л. В., Бакалин В. В., Тетова В. Б. и др. Особенности гуморального ответа у пациентов с COVID-19. Врач. 2021;32(12):5–11. https://doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2021-12-01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Generalova LV, Burgasova OA, Gushchin VA, Kolobukhina LV, Bakalin VV, Tetova VB, et al. The features of a humoral response in patients with COVID-19. The Doctor. 2021;32(12):5–11. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2021-12-01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X, Chen Y, Tang W, Zhang L, Chen W, Yan Z, et al. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated gene ACE2 expression in normal and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) human male testes. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Jul;63(7):1006–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1705-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X, Chen Y, Tang W, Zhang L, Chen W, Yan Z, et al. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated gene ACE2 expression in normal and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) human male testes. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Jul;63(7):1006–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1705-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Douglas GC, O’Bryan MK, Hedger MP, Lee DK, Yarski MA, Smith AI, et al. The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology. 2004 Oct;145(10):4703–4711. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Douglas GC, O’Bryan MK, Hedger MP, Lee DK, Yarski MA, Smith AI, et al. The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology. 2004 Oct;145(10):4703–4711. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Illiano E, Trama F, Costantini E. Could COVID-19 have an impact on male fertility? Andrologia. 2020 Jul;52(6):e13654. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illiano E, Trama F, Costantini E. Could COVID-19 have an impact on male fertility? Andrologia. 2020 Jul;52(6):e13654. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hajizadeh Maleki B, Tartibian B. COVID-19 and male reproductive function: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Reproduction. 2021 Mar;161(3):319–331. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0382</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hajizadeh Maleki B, Tartibian B. COVID-19 and male reproductive function: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Reproduction. 2021 Mar;161(3):319–331. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0382</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu J, Zhou B, Zhang L, Balaji KS, Wei C, Liu X, et al. Expressions and significances of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. Mol Biol Rep. 2020 Jun;47(6):4383–4392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05478-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu J, Zhou B, Zhang L, Balaji KS, Wei C, Liu X, et al. Expressions and significances of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. Mol Biol Rep. 2020 Jun;47(6):4383–4392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05478-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hikmet F, Méar L, Edvinsson Å, Micke P, Uhlén M, Lindskog C. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. 2020 Jul;16(7):e9610. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209610</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hikmet F, Méar L, Edvinsson Å, Micke P, Uhlén M, Lindskog C. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. 2020 Jul;16(7):e9610. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209610</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan F, Xiao X, Guo J, Song Y, Li H, Patel DP, et al. No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertil Steril. 2020 Jun;113(6):1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan F, Xiao X, Guo J, Song Y, Li H, Patel DP, et al. No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertil Steril. 2020 Jun;113(6):1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ediz C, Tavukcu HH, Akan S, Kizilkan YE, Alcin A, Oz K, et al. Is there any association of COVID-19 with testicular pain and epididymo-orchitis? Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Mar;75(3):e13753. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ediz C, Tavukcu HH, Akan S, Kizilkan YE, Alcin A, Oz K, et al. Is there any association of COVID-19 with testicular pain and epididymo-orchitis? Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Mar;75(3):e13753. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carneiro F, Teixeira TA, Bernardes FS, Pereira MS, Milani G, Duarte-Neto AN, et al. Radiological patterns of incidental epididymitis in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients revealed by colour Doppler ultrasound. Andrologia. 2021 May;53(4):e13973. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carneiro F, Teixeira TA, Bernardes FS, Pereira MS, Milani G, Duarte-Neto AN, et al. Radiological patterns of incidental epididymitis in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients revealed by colour Doppler ultrasound. Andrologia. 2021 May;53(4):e13973. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang M, Chen S, Huang B, Zhong JM, Su H, Chen YJ, et al. Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. Eur Urol Focus. 2020 Sep 15;6(5):1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang M, Chen S, Huang B, Zhong JM, Su H, Chen YJ, et al. Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. Eur Urol Focus. 2020 Sep 15;6(5):1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, da Silva LFF, Malheiros DMAC, de Oliveira EP, Theodoro-Filho J, et al. Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 patients assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy. Histopathology. 2020 Aug;77(2):186– 197. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, da Silva LFF, Malheiros DMAC, de Oliveira EP, Theodoro-Filho J, et al. Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 patients assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy. Histopathology. 2020 Aug;77(2):186– 197. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020 May 5;153(6):725–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020 May 5;153(6):725–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheikhzadeh Hesari F, Hosseinzadeh SS, Asl Monadi Sardroud MA. Review of COVID-19 and male genital tract. Andrologia. 2021 Feb;53(1):e13914. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13914</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheikhzadeh Hesari F, Hosseinzadeh SS, Asl Monadi Sardroud MA. Review of COVID-19 and male genital tract. Andrologia. 2021 Feb;53(1):e13914. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13914</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivell R. Lifestyle impact and the biology of the human scrotum. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Apr 20;5:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-5-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivell R. Lifestyle impact and the biology of the human scrotum. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Apr 20;5:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-5-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temiz MZ, Dincer MM, Hacibey I, Yazar RO, Celik C, Kucuk SH, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study. Andrologia. 2021 Mar;53(2):e13912. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13912</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temiz MZ, Dincer MM, Hacibey I, Yazar RO, Celik C, Kucuk SH, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study. Andrologia. 2021 Mar;53(2):e13912. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13912</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gacci M, Coppi M, Baldi E, Sebastianelli A, Zaccaro C, Morselli S, et al. Semen impairment and occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in semen after recovery from COVID-19. Hum Reprod. 2021 May 17;36(6):1520–1529. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gacci M, Coppi M, Baldi E, Sebastianelli A, Zaccaro C, Morselli S, et al. Semen impairment and occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in semen after recovery from COVID-19. Hum Reprod. 2021 May 17;36(6):1520–1529. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e208292. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e208292. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma L, Xie W, Li D, Shi L, Ye G, Mao Y, et al. Evaluation of sex-related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021 Jan;93(1):456–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma L, Xie W, Li D, Shi L, Ye G, Mao Y, et al. Evaluation of sex-related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021 Jan;93(1):456–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holtmann N, Edimiris P, Andree M, Doehmen C, Baston-Buest D, Adams O, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2020 Aug;114(2):233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holtmann N, Edimiris P, Andree M, Doehmen C, Baston-Buest D, Adams O, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2020 Aug;114(2):233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельников И. А., Салехов С. А., Гайдуков С. Н., Безруков Р. В., Дыбов Ю. А. Патогенетические особенности влияния COVID-19 на фертильность спермы. International Journal of Medicine and Psychology. 2020;3(5):146–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikov IA, Salekhov SA, Gaydukov SN, Bezrukov RV, Dybov YuA. Pathogenetic features of the influence of COVID-19 on sperm fertility. International Journal of Medicine and Psychology. 2020;3(5):146–152. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Best JC, Kuchakulla M, Khodamoradi K, Lima TFN, Frech FS, Achua J, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Human Semen and Effect on Total Sperm Number: A Prospective Observational Study. World J Mens Health. 2021 Jul;39(3):489–495. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200192</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Best JC, Kuchakulla M, Khodamoradi K, Lima TFN, Frech FS, Achua J, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Human Semen and Effect on Total Sperm Number: A Prospective Observational Study. World J Mens Health. 2021 Jul;39(3):489–495. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200192</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo TH, Sang MY, Bai S, Ma H, Wan YY, Jiang XH, et al. Semen parameters in men recovered from COVID-19. Asian J Androl. 2021 Sep-Oct;23(5):479–483. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_31_21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo TH, Sang MY, Bai S, Ma H, Wan YY, Jiang XH, et al. Semen parameters in men recovered from COVID-19. Asian J Androl. 2021 Sep-Oct;23(5):479–483. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_31_21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayaaslan B, Korukluoglu G, Hasanoglu I, Kalem AK, Eser F, Akinci E, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in Semen of Patients in the Acute Stage of COVID-19 Infection. Urol Int. 2020;104(9-10):678–683. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayaaslan B, Korukluoglu G, Hasanoglu I, Kalem AK, Eser F, Akinci E, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in Semen of Patients in the Acute Stage of COVID-19 Infection. Urol Int. 2020;104(9-10):678–683. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510531</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruan Y, Hu B, Liu Z, Liu K, Jiang H, Li H, et al. No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: A perspective and urogenital evaluation. Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruan Y, Hu B, Liu Z, Liu K, Jiang H, Li H, et al. No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: A perspective and urogenital evaluation. Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paoli D, Pallotti F, Turriziani O, Mazzuti L, Antonelli G, Lenzi A, Lombardo F. SARS-CoV-2 presence in seminal fluid: Myth or reality. Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paoli D, Pallotti F, Turriziani O, Mazzuti L, Antonelli G, Lenzi A, Lombardo F. SARS-CoV-2 presence in seminal fluid: Myth or reality. Andrology. 2021 Jan;9(1):23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aboelnaga MM, Abdelrazek A, Abdullah N, El Shaer M. Late Impact of COVID-19 Pneumonia on Testosterone Levels in Recovered, Post-Hospitalized Male Patients. Journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2021;11(3-4):76–82. https://doi.org/10.14740/jem749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aboelnaga MM, Abdelrazek A, Abdullah N, El Shaer M. Late Impact of COVID-19 Pneumonia on Testosterone Levels in Recovered, Post-Hospitalized Male Patients. Journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2021;11(3-4):76–82. https://doi.org/10.14740/jem749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okçelik S. COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels. Andrologia. 2021 Feb;53(1):e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13909</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okçelik S. COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels. Andrologia. 2021 Feb;53(1):e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13909</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salonia A, Pontillo M, Capogrosso P, Gregori S, Tassara M, Boeri L, et al. Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study. Andrology. 2021 Jul;9(4):1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12993</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salonia A, Pontillo M, Capogrosso P, Gregori S, Tassara M, Boeri L, et al. Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study. Andrology. 2021 Jul;9(4):1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12993</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Zeggeren IE, Boelen A, van de Beek D, Heijboer AC, Vlaar APJ, Brouwer MC. Sex steroid hormones are associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients Level of sex hormones in severe COVID-19. Medicine. 2021;100(34):e27072. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Zeggeren IE, Boelen A, van de Beek D, Heijboer AC, Vlaar APJ, Brouwer MC. Sex steroid hormones are associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients Level of sex hormones in severe COVID-19. Medicine. 2021;100(34):e27072. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhindsa S, Zhang N, McPhaul MJ, Wu Z, Ghoshal AK, Erlich EC, et al. Association of Circulating Sex Hormones with Inflammation and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2111398. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11398</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhindsa S, Zhang N, McPhaul MJ, Wu Z, Ghoshal AK, Erlich EC, et al. Association of Circulating Sex Hormones with Inflammation and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2111398. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11398</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toscano-Guerra E, Gallo MM, Arrese-Munoz I, Gine A, Diaz-Troyano N, Gabriel-Medina P, et al. Recovery of serum testosterone levels is an accurate predictor of survival from COVID-19 in male patients. BMC Med. 2022 Mar 29;20(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02345-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toscano-Guerra E, Gallo MM, Arrese-Munoz I, Gine A, Diaz-Troyano N, Gabriel-Medina P, et al. Recovery of serum testosterone levels is an accurate predictor of survival from COVID-19 in male patients. BMC Med. 2022 Mar 29;20(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02345-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falahieh FM, Zarabadipour M, Mirani M, Abdiyan M, Dinparvar M, Alizadeh H, et al. Effects of moderate COVID-19 infection on semen oxidative status and parameters 14 and 120 days after diagnosis. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021 Oct;33(12):683–690. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd21153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falahieh FM, Zarabadipour M, Mirani M, Abdiyan M, Dinparvar M, Alizadeh H, et al. Effects of moderate COVID-19 infection on semen oxidative status and parameters 14 and 120 days after diagnosis. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021 Oct;33(12):683–690. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd21153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
