<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Research'n Practical Medicine Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research and Practical Medicine Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2410-1893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"QUASAR", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17709/2410-1893-2023-10-4-2</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">KNONXZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpmj-957</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи. Онкология, лучевая терапия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Articles. Оncology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гены CCND1 и PTEN как маркеры прогрессирования при раке вульвы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CCND1 and PTEN genes as markers of progression in vulvar cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6799-8682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бусарова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Busarova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Бусарова Ангелина Владимировна – врач-онколог отделения онкогинекологии ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер №1» Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края, г. Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6799-8682" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6799-8682</ext-link>, SPIN: 7693-9236, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1216392" ext-link-type="uri">1216392</ext-link></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Angelina V. Busarova – Oncologist at the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical Oncology Dispensary No.1 of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar region, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6799-8682" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6799-8682</ext-link>, SPIN: 7693-9236, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1216392" ext-link-type="uri">1216392</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abdoc@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрусенко</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrusenko</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Петрусенко Наталья Александровна – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной онкологии ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6111" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6111</ext-link>, SPIN: 5577-3805, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=960639" ext-link-type="uri">960639</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57216917933" ext-link-type="uri">57216917933</ext-link>, ResearcherID: <ext-link xlink:href="http://www.researcherid.com/rid/AGE-9461-2022" ext-link-type="uri">AGE-9461-2022</ext-link></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Natalia A. Petrusenko – Junior Research Associate at the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Medical Research Centre for Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6111" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6111</ext-link>, SPIN: 5577-3805, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=960639" ext-link-type="uri">960639</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57216917933" ext-link-type="uri">57216917933</ext-link>, ResearcherID: <ext-link xlink:href="http://www.researcherid.com/rid/AGE-9461-2022" ext-link-type="uri">AGE-9461-2022</ext-link></p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">petrusenko-natulya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-122X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крузе</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruze</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Крузе Полина Александровна – к.м.н., врач-онколог отделения онкогинекологии ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-122X" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-122X</ext-link>, SPIN: 9460-2235, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=357294" ext-link-type="uri">357294</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Polina A. Kruze – Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Oncologist at the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Medical Research Centre for Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation</p><p>ORCID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-122X" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-122X</ext-link>, SPIN: 9460-2235, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=357294" ext-link-type="uri">357294</ext-link></p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pollykruze@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Порханова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Porhanova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Порханова Наталья Владимировна – д.м.н., доцент, заведующая отделением онкогинекологии ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер №1» Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края, г. Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p><p>SPIN: 2611-4840, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=589928" ext-link-type="uri">589928</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22836545700" ext-link-type="uri">22836545700</ext-link></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Nathalia V. Porhanova – Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of Gynecologic Oncology Department, Clinical Oncology Dispensary No.1 of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar region, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p><p>SPIN: 2611-4840, AuthorID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=589928" ext-link-type="uri">589928</ext-link>, Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22836545700" ext-link-type="uri">22836545700</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">porhanova.nat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клинический онкологический диспансер №1 Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края&lt;p&gt;&#13;
г. Краснодар, Российская Федерация</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical Oncology Dispensary No.1 of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar region&lt;p&gt;&#13;
Krasnodar, Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации&lt;p&gt;&#13;
г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Centre for Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia&lt;p&gt;&#13;
Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бусарова А.В., Петрусенко Н.А., Крузе П.А., Порханова Н.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бусарова А.В., Петрусенко Н.А., Крузе П.А., Порханова Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Busarova A.V., Petrusenko N.A., Kruze P.A., Porhanova N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/957">https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/957</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучение относительной копийности 12 генов: MYC, PTEN, CCND1, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, MCL1, NFKBIA, MTAP, BIRC2, KMT2C для поиска потенциальных прогностических онкомаркеров при раке вульвы (РВ).</p></sec><sec><title>Пациенты и методы</title><p>Пациенты и методы. Исследование включало 50 пациентов в возрасте 29–80 лет с диагнозом плоскоклеточный РВ без метастазов – 1-я группа пациентов (n = 25) и с метастазами в лимфоузлы – 2-я группа пациентов (n = 25). Материалом для исследования служила тотальная ДНК из парафиновых блоков опухолевой и условно здоровой ткани вульвы. Методом RT-qPCR оценивали относительную копийность генов (RCQ): MYC, PTEN, CCND1, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, MCL1, NFKBIA, MTAP, BIRC2, KMT2C и референсных генов: GAPDH и B2M. Первичные данные RT-qPCR анализировали с помощью программного обеспечения BioRad CFX Manager (ver. 2.1). RСQ генетического локуса рассчитывали по формуле 2-ΔCt. Анализ достоверности различий включал определение ОШ (ДИ 95 %), Хи-квадрат, U-критерия Манна-Уитни. Статистически значимыми считали различия при р &lt; 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Амплификацию наблюдали для 9 генов: MYC (48 % случаев), MCL1 (39 %), NFKBIA (46 %), CCND1 (52 %), PIK3CA (48 %), TP53 (62 %), MDM2 (40 %), BIRC2 (54 %), KMT2C (42 %); потери зафиксированы для 3 генов PTEN (44 % случаев), MTAP (32 %), CDKN2A (36 %). Во 2-й группе пациентов обнаружено статистически значимое увеличение RCQ гена CCND1 (р &lt; 0,05) в 1,7 раз и снижение RCQ гена PTEN (р &lt; 0,05) в 1,9 раз.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В исследовании события амплификации CCND1 и/или потери PTEN были ассоциированы с метастазированием в лимфоузлы у больных РВ. Таким образом, уровни копийности этих генов могут служить прогностическими маркерами заболевания.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study. Studying the relative copy number of 12 genes: MYC, PTEN, CCND1, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, MCL1, NFKBIA, MTAP, BIRC2, KMT2C, to search for potential prognostic cancer markers in vulvar cancer (VR).</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>Patients and methods. The study included 50 patients aged 29–80 years with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva without metastases – group 1 (n = 25) and with metastases to the lymph nodes – group 2 (n = 25). Total DNA from paraffin blocks of tumor and conditionally healthy vulvar tissue served as the material for the study. The relative copy number of genes (RCQ) was assessed using the RT-qPCR method: MYC, PTEN, CCND1, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, MCL1, NFKBIA, MTAP, BIRC2, KMT2C and reference genes: GAPDH and B2M. Raw RT-qPCR data were analyzed using Bio-Rad CFX Manager software (ver. 2.1). RCQ of the genetic locus was calculated using the formula 2-ΔCt. Analysis of the significance of differences included determination of the OR (CI 95 %), Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Amplification was observed for 9 genes: MYC (48 % of cases), MCL1 (39 %), NFKBIA (46 %), CCND1 (52 %), PIK3CA (48 %), TP53 (62 %), MDM2 (40 %), BIRC2 (54 %), KMT2C (42 %); losses were recorded for 3 genes PTEN (44 % of cases), MTAP (32 %), CDKN2A (36 %). In the 2nd group of patients, a statistically significant 1.7-fold increase in RCQ of the CCND1 gene (p &lt; 0.05) and a 1.9-fold decrease in RCQ of the PTEN gene (p &lt; 0.05) were found.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In the study, CCND1 amplification events and/or PTEN loss were associated with lymph node metastasis in RV patients. Thus, the copy numbers of these genes may serve as prognostic markers of the disease.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак вульвы</kwd><kwd>плоскоклеточный рак вульвы</kwd><kwd>CNV</kwd><kwd>онкомаркеры</kwd><kwd>CCND1</kwd><kwd>PTEN</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vulvar cancer</kwd><kwd>squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva</kwd><kwd>CNV</kwd><kwd>cancer markers</kwd><kwd>CCND1</kwd><kwd>PTEN</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cancer Stat Facts: Vulvar Cancer. [(accessed on 21 March 2022)]; Available online: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/vulva.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cancer Stat Facts: Vulvar Cancer. [(accessed on 21 March 2022)]; Available online: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/vulva.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang Y.J., Smith M., Barlow E., Coffey K., Hacker N., Canfell K. Vulvar cancer in high-income countries: Increasing burden of disease. Int J Cancer. 2017 Dec 1;141(11):2174-2186. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang Y.J., Smith M., Barlow E., Coffey K., Hacker N., Canfell K. Vulvar cancer in high-income countries: Increasing burden of disease. Int J Cancer. 2017 Dec 1;141(11):2174-2186. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh N., Gilks C.B. Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors. Histopathology. 2020 Jan;76(1):128-138. doi: 10.1111/his.13989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh N., Gilks C.B. Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors. Histopathology. 2020 Jan;76(1):128-138. doi: 10.1111/his.13989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eva L.J., Sadler L., Fong K.L., Sahota S., Jones R.W., Bigby S.M. Trends in HPV-dependent and HPV-independent vulvar cancers: The changing face of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2020 May;157(2):450-455. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.01.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eva L.J., Sadler L., Fong K.L., Sahota S., Jones R.W., Bigby S.M. Trends in HPV-dependent and HPV-independent vulvar cancers: The changing face of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2020 May;157(2):450-455. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.01.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and its prognostic value in vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 26;13(9):e0204162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and its prognostic value in vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 26;13(9):e0204162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zięba S., Pouwer A.W., Kowalik A., Zalewski K., Rusetska N., Bakuła-Zalewska E., et al. Somatic Mutation Profiling in Premalignant Lesions of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 10;21(14):4880. doi: 10.3390/ijms21144880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zięba S., Pouwer A.W., Kowalik A., Zalewski K., Rusetska N., Bakuła-Zalewska E., et al. Somatic Mutation Profiling in Premalignant Lesions of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 10;21(14):4880. doi: 10.3390/ijms21144880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh N., Gilks C.B. Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors. Histopathology. 2020 Jan;76(1):128-138. doi: 10.1111/his.13989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh N., Gilks C.B. Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors. Histopathology. 2020 Jan;76(1):128-138. doi: 10.1111/his.13989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinten F., Molijn A., Eckhardt L., Massuger LFAG, Quint W., Bult P., et al. Vulvar cancer: Two pathways with different localization and prognosis. Gynecol Oncol. 2018 May;149(2):310-317. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinten F., Molijn A., Eckhardt L., Massuger LFAG, Quint W., Bult P., et al. Vulvar cancer: Two pathways with different localization and prognosis. Gynecol Oncol. 2018 May;149(2):310-317. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sand F.L., Nielsen D.M.B., Frederiksen M.H., Rasmussen C.L., Kjaer S.K. Response: Letter regarding "The prognostic value of p16 and p53 expression for survival after vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2019 Sep 3;30:100494. doi: 10.1016/j.gore.2019.100494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sand F.L., Nielsen D.M.B., Frederiksen M.H., Rasmussen C.L., Kjaer S.K. Response: Letter regarding "The prognostic value of p16 and p53 expression for survival after vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2019 Sep 3;30:100494. doi: 10.1016/j.gore.2019.100494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woelber L., Eulenburg C., Choschzick M., Kruell A., Petersen C., Gieseking F, et al. Prognostic role of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer and implications for adjuvant treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012 Mar;22(3):503-8. doi: 10.1097/IGC.0b013e31823eed4c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woelber L., Eulenburg C., Choschzick M., Kruell A., Petersen C., Gieseking F, et al. Prognostic role of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer and implications for adjuvant treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012 Mar;22(3):503-8. doi: 10.1097/IGC.0b013e31823eed4c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polterauer S., Schwameis R., Grimm C., Hillemanns P., Jückstock J., Hilpert F., et al. Lymph node ratio in inguinal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell vulvar cancer: Results from the AGO-CaRE-1 study. Gynecol Oncol. 2019 May;153(2):286-291. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.02.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polterauer S., Schwameis R., Grimm C., Hillemanns P., Jückstock J., Hilpert F., et al. Lymph node ratio in inguinal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell vulvar cancer: Results from the AGO-CaRE-1 study. Gynecol Oncol. 2019 May;153(2):286-291. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.02.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarrei M, MacDonald JR, Merico D, Scherer SW. A copy number variation map of the human genome. Nat Rev Genet. 2015;16(3):172–183. doi: 10.1038/nrg3871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarrei M, MacDonald JR, Merico D, Scherer SW. A copy number variation map of the human genome. Nat Rev Genet. 2015;16(3):172–183. doi: 10.1038/nrg3871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu W, Lu J, Zhao Q, Wu J, Sun J, Han B, Zhao X, Kang Y. Genome-Wide Plasma Cell-Free DNA Methylation Profiling Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer. Dis Markers. 2019 Feb 5;2019:4108474. doi: 10.1155/2019/4108474.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu W, Lu J, Zhao Q, Wu J, Sun J, Han B, Zhao X, Kang Y. Genome-Wide Plasma Cell-Free DNA Methylation Profiling Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer. Dis Markers. 2019 Feb 5;2019:4108474. doi: 10.1155/2019/4108474.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрусенко Н.А., Вереникина Е.В., Якубова Д.Ю., Тимошкина Н.Н. Мутации в генах BRCA1/2 у пациенток юга России с злокачественными новообразованиями яичников // Якутский медицинский журнал. – 2020. - №4(72), с.87-89. DOI 10.25789 / YMJ.2020.72.21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrusenko N.A., Verenikina E.V., Yakubova D.Yu., Timoshkina N.N. Mutations in the BRCA1 / 2 genes in patients in the south of Russia with malignant neoplasms of the ovaries // Yakut Medical Journal. - 2020. - No. 4 (72), p.87-89. DOI 10.25789 / YMJ.2020.72.21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрусенко Н.А., Никитина В.П., Спиридонова Д.А., Кечерюкова М.М. Изменение копийности генов в злокачественных опухолях шейки матки с эндофитной и экзофитной формами роста // Современные проблемы науки и образования. – 2019. – № 3.; URL: http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=28981 (date of access: 04/26/2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrusenko N.A., Nikitina V.P., Spiridonova D.A., Kecheryukova M.M. Changes in the copy number of genes in malignant tumors of the cervix with endophytic and exophytic forms of growth // Modern problems of science and education. - 2019. - No. 3. URL: http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=28981 (date of access: 04/26/2021)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водолажский Д.И., Тимошкина Н.Н., Маслов А.А., Колесников Е.Н., Татимов М.З. Копийность 17-ти генетических локусов у пациентов с диагнозом аденокарцинома желудка//. Современные проблемы науки и образования. – 2017. – № 3. URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26405 (дата обращения: 16.11.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodolazhsky D.I., Timoshkina N.N., Maslov A.A., Kolesnikov E.N., Tatimov M.Z. CNV of 17 genetic loci in patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma//. Modern problems of science and education. – 2017. – No. 3. URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26405 (accessed: 11/16/2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macintyre G., Goranova T.E., De Silva D., Ennis D., Piskorz A.M., Eldridge M., et al. Copy number signatures and mutational processes in ovarian carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2018;50(9):1262–1270. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0179-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macintyre G., Goranova T.E., De Silva D., Ennis D., Piskorz A.M., Eldridge M., et al. Copy number signatures and mutational processes in ovarian carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2018;50(9):1262–1270. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0179-8/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarrei M., MacDonald J.R., Merico D., Scherer S.W. A copy number variation map of the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2015;16:172–183. doi: 10.1038/nrg3871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarrei M., MacDonald J.R., Merico D., Scherer S.W. A copy number variation map of the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2015;16:172–183. doi: 10.1038/nrg3871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслов А.А., Чалхахян Л.Х., Малинин С.А., Каминский Г.В., Мирзоян Э.А. Показатель копийности генов у больных колоректальным раком как маркер клинического исхода заболевания и ответа на терапию. Южно-Российский онкологический журнал/ South Russian Journal of Cancer. 2022;3(2):52-64. https://doi.org/10.37748/2686-9039-2022-3-2-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslov A.A., Chalkhakhyan L.K., Malinin S.A., Kaminsky G.V., Mirzoyan E.A. Genes copy number variation in colorectal cancer patients as a marker of the disease clinical outcome and response to therapy. South Russian Journal of Cancer. 2022;3(2):52-64. https://doi.org/10.37748/2686-9039-2022-3-2-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genecards. The Human Gene Database. 2016. Available from: www.genecards.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genecards. The Human Gene Database. 2016. Available from: www.genecards.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ortiz A.B., Garcia D., Vicente Y., Palka M., Bellas C., Martin P. Prognostic significance of cyclin D1 protein expression and gene amplification in invasive breast carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0188068. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ortiz A.B., Garcia D., Vicente Y., Palka M., Bellas C., Martin P. Prognostic significance of cyclin D1 protein expression and gene amplification in invasive breast carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0188068. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang L., Ye F., Bao L., Zhou X., Wang Z., Hu P., et al. Somatic alterations of TP53, ERBB2, PIK3CA and CCND1 are associated with chemosensitivity for breast cancers. Cancer Sci. 2019;110(4):1389–1400. doi: 10.1111/cas.13976.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang L., Ye F., Bao L., Zhou X., Wang Z., Hu P., et al. Somatic alterations of TP53, ERBB2, PIK3CA and CCND1 are associated with chemosensitivity for breast cancers. Cancer Sci. 2019;110(4):1389–1400. doi: 10.1111/cas.13976.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choschzick M., Hess S., Tennstedt P., Holst F., Bohlken H., Gieseking F., et al. Role of cyclin D1 amplification and expression in vulvar carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2012 Sep;43(9):1386-93. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.11.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choschzick M., Hess S., Tennstedt P., Holst F., Bohlken H., Gieseking F., et al. Role of cyclin D1 amplification and expression in vulvar carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2012 Sep;43(9):1386-93. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.11.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen W.H., Balajee A.S., Wang J., Wu H., Eng C., Pandolfi P.P., et al. Essential Role for Nuclear PTEN in Maintaining Chromosomal Integrity. Cell. 2007;128:157–170. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen W.H., Balajee A.S., Wang J., Wu H., Eng C., Pandolfi P.P., et al.  Essential Role for Nuclear PTEN in Maintaining Chromosomal Integrity. Cell. 2007;128:157–170. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cancer Genome Atlas Network Genomic Classification of Cutaneous Melanoma. Cell. 2015;161:1681–1696. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cancer Genome Atlas Network Genomic Classification of Cutaneous Melanoma. Cell. 2015;161:1681–1696. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo Q., Liu J., Huang L., Qin Y., Hawley T., Seo C., et al. AXL/AKT axis mediated-resistance to BRAF in-hibitor depends on PTEN status in melanoma. Oncogene. 2018;37:3275–3289. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0205-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo Q., Liu J., Huang L., Qin Y., Hawley T., Seo C., et al. AXL/AKT axis mediated-resistance to BRAF in-hibitor depends on PTEN status in melanoma. Oncogene. 2018;37:3275–3289. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0205-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin Y., Zuo Q., Huang L., Huang L., Merlino G., Yu Y. PERK mediates resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma with impaired PTEN. NPJ Precis. Oncol. 2021;5:68. doi: 10.1038/s41698-021-00207-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin Y., Zuo Q., Huang L., Huang L., Merlino G., Yu Y. PERK mediates resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma with impaired PTEN. NPJ Precis. Oncol. 2021;5:68. doi: 10.1038/s41698-021-00207-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu A., Zhu Y., Chen W., Merlino G., Yu Y. PTEN Dual Lipid- and Protein-Phosphatase Function in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 28;14(15):3666. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu A., Zhu Y., Chen W., Merlino G., Yu Y. PTEN Dual Lipid- and Protein-Phosphatase Function in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 28;14(15):3666. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dibble C.C., Cantley L.C. Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling. Trends Cell Biol. 2015 Sep;25(9):545-55. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dibble C.C., Cantley L.C. Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling. Trends Cell Biol. 2015 Sep;25(9):545-55. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
