<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Research'n Practical Medicine Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research and Practical Medicine Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2410-1893</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"QUASAR", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17709/2409-2231-2015-2-4-28-34</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpmj-98</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи. Онкология, лучевая терапия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Articles. Оncology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>КОМБИНИРОВАННОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ МЕСТНО- РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОГО РАКА МОЧЕВОГО ПУЗЫРЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COMBINED TREATMENT OF LOCALLY-ADVANCED BLADDER CANCER</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м.н., профессор, заведующий отделением урологии ФГБУ «Объединенная боль‐ ница с поликлиникой» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, head of urological department of FSBO «Unitid policlinics and hospital» of Administration of the President of the Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самсонов</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Samsonov</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник РЦИТЭО ФГБУ «МНИОИ им П. А. Герцена» — филиала «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, leading researcher of P. A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute — branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перепечин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Perepechin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела онкоурологии ФГБУ «НИИ урологии и интервенционной радиологии им. Н. А. Лопаткина» — филиала «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, senior researcher of division of oncourology, N. Lopatkin Scientific Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology — branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ульбашев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ulbashev</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м.н., врач онкоуролог ГБУЗ «ОД» Минздрава КБР</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, oncourologist of SBEO «OD» Of Ministry of Health of Kabardino-Balkar Republic</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Объединенная больница с поликлиникой» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации (Москва, Россия) 119285, Россия, Москва, Москва, Мичуринский пр-т, 6</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBO «Unitid policlinics and hospital» of Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Russia) Michurinskiy prospect 6, Moscow, 119285, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РЦИТЭО ФГБУ «МНИОИ им П.А. Герцена» – филиала «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России (Москва, Россия) 125284, Россия, Москва, 2-й Боткинский проезд, 3</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Russia) 2nd Botkinskiy proezd 3, Moscow, 125284, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НИИ урологии и интервенционной радиологии им. Н.А. Лопаткина» – филиала «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России (Москва, Россия) 105425, Россия, Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 4</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. Lopatkin Scientific Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Russia) 3rd Parkovaya ulitsa 51/4, Moscow, 105425, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «ОД» Минздрава КБР (Нальчик, Россия) 360000, Россия, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика, Нальчик, ул. Лермонтова, 23</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>SBEO «OD» Of Ministry of Health of Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Nalchik, Russia) ul. Lermontova 23, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Nalchik, 360000, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чернышев И.В., Самсонов Ю.В., Перепечин Д.В., Ульбашев А.М., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чернышев И.В., Самсонов Ю.В., Перепечин Д.В., Ульбашев А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chernyshev I.V., Samsonov Y.V., Perepechin D.V., Ulbashev A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/98">https://www.rpmj.ru/rpmj/article/view/98</self-uri><abstract><p>Рак мочевого пузыря (РМП) является важной клинической и научной про‐ блемой. В 2013 г. в России абсолютное число больных с впервые в жизни установленным диагнозом рака мочевого пузыря составило 12 992 человек. Отмечается увеличение частоты выявления рака мочевого пузыря I–II стадии в структуре заболеваемости: в 2003 г.— 50,8%, в 2013 г.— 69,6%, в то вре‐ мя как количество вновь выявленных больных в III и IV клинических стадиях остается на уровне 30%. Доля лиц, закончивших лечение из числа вновь вы‐ явленных больных РМП 2013 г., составила: только хирургическим методом — 65,4%, комбинированным — 33,5%. </p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Улучшение результатов лечени больных местно-распространенным РМП. Материалы и методы. Основным методом лечения мышечно-инвазивного РМП является радикальная цистэктомия. В ходе комбинированного лечения РМП химиотерапия является компонентом, осуществляющим системное воз‐ действие на опухоль, пути регионарного и отдаленного метастазирования. В исследование включено 132 больных местно-распространенным РМП, на‐ ходившиеся на лечении 2005–2013 гг., разделенные на четыре группы: НАХТ + ЦЭ — 27 человек (20,5%), ЦЭ + АХТ — 21 (15,9%), НАХТ + ЦЭ + АХТ — 21 (15,9%), только ЦЭ — 63 (47,7%). Важным компонентом лечения явилось использо‐ вание препаратов платины (цисплатин или карбоплатин) в схемах M–VAC и GP. Объективный ответ возможен у 44,7%, а стабилизация процесса у 40,4% больных. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Клинический эффект оценен у всех пациентов. В группе НАХТ 21% больных прожили более 4 лет, но не пережили 5-летний рубеж. В группе ЦЭ+АХТ удалось достичь только показателя 3-летней выживаемости, который составил 43%. В группе ЦЭ — никто из больных не дожил до 3 лет, при этом 2-летняя выживаемость составила 30%. В группе АХТ+НХТ+ЦЭ 3 пациента (15%) живы на данный момент, прошли 5-летний порог выживаемости, нет признаков прогрессирования опухолевого процесса. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Комбинированное лечение в режиме НАХТ + ЦЭ + АХТ позволя‐ ет увеличить время до прогрессирования опухоли и улучшить общую выжи‐ ваемость; обратной стороной является увеличение частоты послеоперацион‐ ных осложнений. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bladder cancer (BC) is an important clinical and scientific challenge. In 2013, in Russia, the absolute number of patients with first-ever diagnosis of bladder cancer was 12 992 people. There is an increasing proportion of detection of bladder cancer stage I–II disease patterns: 2003–50.8% in 2013–69.6%, while the number of newly diagnosed patients in III and IV clinical stages remains at 30%. The proportion of individuals who completed the treatment of the number of newly diagnosed patients with bladder cancer in 2013, was as follows: only surgical method — 65.4%, 33.5% combined. </p><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. Improvement of the results of treatment of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. </p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The main treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy. In the combined treatment of bladder cancer chemotherapy is the component that systemic exposure to the tumor, the way of regional and distant metastases. The study included 132 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer who were treated for 2005–2013, divided into four groups: NACT + CE — 27 people (20.5%), CE + ACT — 21 (15.9%), NACT + CE + ACT — 21 (15.9%) only CE — 63 (47.7%). An important component of treatment has been the use of platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) in Schemes M–VAC and GP. An objective response is possible in 44.7%, and the stabilization process in 40.4% of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The clinical effect is evaluated in all patients. In the group of NACT 21% of patients survived for more than 4 years, but did not survive the 5‑year mark. In the group of CE + ACT the indicator achieved only 3‑year survival rate, which amounted to 43%. In the group of CE — none of the patients did not live up to 3 years, with 2‑year survival rate was 30%. In the group of ACT + NCT + CE 3 patients (15%) were alive at the time, passed the threshold of the 5‑year survival rate, there is no progression of cancer.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Combined treatment mode NACT + CE + ACT can achieve significantly longer time to tumor progression and better overall survival; the reverse side is to increase the frequency of postoperative complications.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>местно-распространенный рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>полихимиотерапия</kwd><kwd>комбинированное лечение</kwd><kwd>цисплатин</kwd><kwd>гемцитабин</kwd><kwd>радикальная цистэктомия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>locally advanced bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>combined therapy</kwd><kwd>cisplatin</kwd><kwd>gemcitabine</kwd><kwd>radical cystectomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Б. Я., Каприн А. Д., Воробьёв Н. В., Головащенко М. П., Нюшко К. М., Калпинский А. С. Фотодинамическая терапия у больных немышечно-инвазивным раком мочевого пузыря. Вопросы урологии и андрологии. 2013; 2 (4): 28–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev B.Ya., Kaprin A. D., Vorob’ev N. V., Golovashchenko M. P., Nyushko K. M., Kalpinskii A. S. Photodynamic therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive cancer of the urinary bladder. Urology and Andrology. 2013; 2 (4): 28–35. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Б. Я., Головащенко М. П., Теплов А. А., Филоненко Е. В., Нюшко К. М., Калпинский А. С., Андреева Ю. Ю., Панкратов А. А., Пирогов А. В. Новый вариант комбинированного адъювантного лечения немышечно-инвазивного рака мочевого пузыря. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2012; 3: 29–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev B.Ya., Golovashchenko M. P., Teplov A. A., Filonenko E. V., Nyushko K. M., Kalpinskiy A. S., Andreeva Y. Y., Ponkratov A. A., Pirogov A. V. New combined method of adjuvant treatment in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ural’skii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2012; 3: 29–35. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2013 году. Под ред. А. Д. Каприна, В. В. Старинского, Г. В. Петровой. Москва: ФГБУ «МНИОИ им. П. А. Герцена» Минздрава России, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sostoyanie onkologicheskoi pomoshchi naseleniyu Rossii v 2013 godu. A. D. Kaprin, V. V. Starinskii, G. V. Petrova (Ed). Moscow: FGBU «MNIOI im. P. A. Gertsena» Minzdrava Rossii, 2014. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Syed M., Weiss G. R. Management of locally advanced bladder cancer: early vs deferred chemotherapy. World Journal of Urology. 2002; 20 (3): 175–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syed M., Weiss G. R. Management of locally advanced bladder cancer: early vs deferred chemotherapy. World Journal of Urology. 2002; 20 (3): 175–182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sobin L. H., Gospodariwicz M., Wi ekind C. TNM classi ca on of malignant tumors. UICC Interna onal Union Against Cancer. 7th edn. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. pp. 262–265 URL: h p://www. uicc.org/tnm/(дата обращения: 16.11.2010).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobin L. H., Gospodariwicz M., Wittekind C. TNM classification of malignant tumors. UICC International Union Against Cancer. 7th edn. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. pp. 262–265 Available at: http://www.uicc.org/tnm/(accessed: 16.11.2010).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stein J. P., Skinner D. G. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World Journal of Urology. 2006; 24 (3): 296–304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stein J. P., Skinner D. G. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World Journal of Urology. 2006; 24 (3): 296–304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vale C. L. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. European Urology. 2005; 48 (2): 202–206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vale C. L. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. European Urology. 2005; 48 (2): 202–206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vale C. L. Advanced bladder cancer meta-analysis collaboration: neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9373): 1927–1934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vale C. L. Advanced bladder cancer meta-analysis collaboration: neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9373): 1927–1934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карякин О. Б. Рекомендации Европейской ассоциации урологов по лечению рака мочевого пузыря. Онкоурология. 2007; 3: 32–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karyakin O. B. Recommendations on muscular non-invasive bladder carcinoma. Onkourologiya. 2007; 3: 32–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карякин О. Б., Попов А. М. Неоадьювантная химиотерапия рака мочевого пузыря: за и против. Онкоурология. 2006; 2: 31–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karyakin O. B., Popov A. M. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer: the pros and cons. Onkourologiya. 2006; 2: 31–34. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопаткин Н. А. Оперативное лечение опухолей мочевого пузыря. Материалы пленума Всероссийского общества урологов 14–16 июня. Кемерово, 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopatkin N. A. Operativnoe lechenie opukholei mochevogo puzyrya. Materialy plenuma Vserossiiskogo obshchestva urologov 14–16 Jun. Kemerovo, 1995. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернышев И. В. Оптимизация подходов диагностики и лечения рака мочевого пузыря: Дисс. … док. мед. наук: 14.00.14./ФГУ «НИИ Урологии» МЗ РФ. Москва, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyshev I. V. Optimizatsiya podkhodov diagnostiki i lecheniya raka mochevogo puzyrya: Diss. … dok. med. nauk: 14.00.14./FGU «NII Urologii» MZ RF. Moscow, 2004. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гарин А. М., Базин И. С. Справочное руководство по лекарственной терапии солидных опухолей. Москва: ЧеРо, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garin A. M., Bazin I. S. Spravochnoe rukovodstvo po lekarstvennoi terapii solidnykh opukholei. Moscow: “CheRo” Publ., 2007. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев Б. П. Клиническая онкоурология. Москва: АБВ‑пресс, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev B. P. Klinicheskaya onkourologiya. Moscow: “ABVpress” Publ., 2011. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Русаков И. Г., Болотина Л. В., Теплов А. А. Вариант комбинированного лечения инвазивного рака мочевого пузыря с использованием неоадьювантной химиотерапии. Москва: ФГУ «МНИОИ им. П. А. Герцена Росздрава». 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusakov I. G., Bolotina L. V., Teplov A. A. Variant kombinirovannogo lecheniya invazivnogo raka mochevogo puzyrya s ispol’zovaniem neoad’yuvantnoi khimioterapii. Moscow: FGU «MNIOI im. P. A. Gertsena Roszdrava». 2006. (Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millikan R., Dinney C., Swanson D., Ro J. Y., Smith T. L., Williams D., Logothe s C. Integrated therapy for locally advanced bladder cancer: nal report of a randomized trial of cyctectomy plus adjuvant M–VAC vs cyctectomy with both preopera ve and postopera ve M–VAC. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19 (20): 4005–4013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millikan R., Dinney C., Swanson D., Ro J. Y., Smith T. L., Williams D., Logothetis C. Integrated therapy for locally advanced bladder cancer: final report of a randomized trial of cyctectomy plus adjuvant M–VAC vs cyctectomy with both preoperative and postoperative M–VAC. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19 (20): 4005–4013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sherif A., Holmberg L., Rintala E. et al. Neoadjuvant cispla num based combina on chemotherapy in pa ents with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2004; 45 (3): 297–303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sherif A., Holmberg L., Rintala E. et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatinum based combination chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2004; 45 (3): 297–303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von der Maase, Hansen S., Roberts J. Gemcitabine and cispla n versus methotrexate, vinblas ne, doxorubicin and cispla n in advanced bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, mul na onal, mul center, phase 3 study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000; 17 (17): 3068–3077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von der Maase, Hansen S., Roberts J. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in advanced bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase 3 study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000; 17 (17): 3068–3077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartelink H. Interna onal collabora on of realists’ on behalf of the medical research council advanced bladder cancer working party: neoadjuvant cispla n, methotrexate, and vinblas ne chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randonized controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 6 (354): 533–540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartelink H. International collaboration of realists’ on behalf of the medical research council advanced bladder cancer working party: neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randonized controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 6 (354): 533–540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borden L. S., Clark Р. Е., Hall M. C. Bladder Cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2003; 15 (3): 227–233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borden L. S., Clark Р. Е., Hall M. C. Bladder Cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2003; 15 (3): 227–233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuczyk M. A., Anastasiadis A. G., Zimmermann R. et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced and metasta c bladder cancer. European Urology. 2004; 3: 79–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuczyk M. A., Anastasiadis A. G., Zimmermann R. et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer. European Urology. 2004; 3: 79–88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
