Applications of indocyanine green in medicine

Purpose of the study. To analyze the literature on the use of indocyanine green in medicine.

Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLibrary databases, covering the period from 1995 to 2026.

Results. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a water-soluble fluorescent dye developed in the mid‑20th century and approved for clinical use in the late 1950s. It is now widely used in various fields of medicine. In oncology, ICG is used for sentinel lymph node mapping to facilitate the detection of metastatic spread. In reconstructive and plastic surgery, intraoperative assessment with ICG reduces the risk of complications associated with autologous and implant-based reconstruction by enabling the identification of poorly perfused tissue and thereby reducing the incidence of tissue necrosis. In ophthalmology, ICG enables visualization and assessment of the fundus vasculature, particularly the choroidal circulation, in various ocular diseases. In cardiology and cardiac surgery, ICG is used to determine cardiac output and to assess anastomoses and coronary artery bypass grafts. In neurosurgery, ICG is used to visualize vascular structures, assess tissue perfusion and tumor margins, and assist in peripheral nerve reconstruction. In abdominal surgery, ICG facilitates assessment of anastomotic perfusion and visualization of tumor resection margins, thereby reducing the risk of postoperative complications, and may aid in the detection and differentiation of liver metastases.

Conclusion. Indocyanine green is a versatile agent used for both intraoperative navigation and the assessment of surgical treatment outcomes. Advances in diagnostic and imaging technologies continue to create new opportunities for expanding the clinical applications of this method.

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