Внеклеточные митохондрии – перспективные диагностические агенты

На сегодняшний день существует новая концепция, согласно которой митохондрии естественным образом циркулируют в крови, и это характерно как для человека, так и для животных. Считается, что из-за своего небольшого размера (50–400 нм) циркулирующие митохондрии могут легко проходить через тканевые барьеры. Феномен межклеточного переноса митохондрий, который является двунаправленным, наблюдался in vitro и in vivo, как в физиологических, так и в патофизиологических условиях, а также среди различных клеток, включая клетки злокачественных опухолей. Предполагается, что циркулирующие бесклеточные интактные митохондрии играют активную биологическую и физиологическую роль, поскольку митохондрии уже известны как системные посредники в межклеточной коммуникации, передающие наследственные и ненаследственные биологические компоненты. Во внеклеточном пространстве были обнаружены компоненты митохондрий клеточного происхождения, включая митохондриальную ДНК (мтДНК). В плазме крови здоровых людей примерно в 50 000 раз больше копий митохондриального генома, чем ядерного генома, исследователи подтвердили, что бесклеточная ДНК митохондрий (McfDNA) достаточно стабильна для обнаружения и количественного определения, подразумевая наличие стабильных структур, защищающих эти молекулы ДНК. Циркулирующий митохондриальный геном, который высвобождается в виде бесклеточной мтДНК, признан новым биомаркером митохондриального стресса и передачи сигналов. McfDNA стала привлекательным циркулирующим биомаркером из-за ее потенциального использования в диагностических программах при различных заболеваниях: диабет, острый инфаркт миокарда, рак. Несомненно, обнаружение циркулирующих митохондрий и их ДНК в биологических жидкостях организма открывает новое перспективное научное направление в биологии и медицине.

В обзоре проведен анализ современных научных данных, посвященных доказательству существования внеклеточных митохондрий, их функций вне клетки и диагностической ценности.

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