Purpose of the study. To perform a comparative analysis of clinical data and morphological features in patients with non‑metastatic seminoma, as well as to identify prognostic criteria for the administration of adjuvant antitumor therapy.
Patients and methods. This retrospective study was conducted at the National Medical Radiological Research Centre and included data from patients with non‑metastatic seminoma (n = 96) who underwent orchifuniculectomy. Medical records were reviewed with assessment of clinical and anamnestic data, laboratory parameters (alpha‑fetoprotein (AFP), beta‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and morphological tumor characteristics. Patients were stratified into three recurrence risk groups (low, intermediate, and high) according to current clinical guidelines.
Results. Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant associations between the high‑risk recurrence group and several clinico‑morphological parameters: tunica albuginea invasion (χ² = 23.626, p < 0.001), tumor necrosis (χ² = 6.579, p = 0.038), and elevated β‑hCG levels (χ² = 1.039, p < 0.001). Analysis of AFP and LDH levels did not show significant differences between stages or risk groups.
Conclusion. The results of this retrospective study expand current understanding of factors associated with recurrence risk in non‑metastatic seminoma and emphasize the need for a personalized approach to risk group stratification.

Improvements in screening programs have significantly increased the number of newly diagnosed cases of cervical cancer at the in  situ stage. However, the methods used are not always sufficiently sensitive and specific. Determination of blood flow indices in the uterine arteries and cervical arteries during transvaginal ultrasound examination (TVUS) with Dopplerography can be considered as an additional screening method.
Purpose of the study. To assess the relationship between the blood flow indices of the uterine and cervical arteries with different degrees of squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix TVUS with Dopplerography.
Patients and methods. The study included 60 patients. The 1st study group included 20 patients with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) infected with HPV of high carcinogenic risk (mainly types 16 and 18). The 2nd group included 20 patients with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and HPV of low carcinogenic risk. The control group included 20 healthy female patients. All patients underwent a comprehensive transabdominal and TVUS was performed in real time on Ressona 7, Mindray (Germany) ultrasound machines. Resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries and cervical vessels were measured by Doppler ultrasound and calculated automatically for each identified artery. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS 20.0 software packages. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results. According to the results of the analysis of variance the RI of the cervical arteries in the 1st study group (0.37 (0.25–0.57)) was significantly lower (p < 0.001). In the 2nd study group (0.63 (0.59–0.67)), there was a tendency to decrease (p = 0.09) compared with the control group (0.70 (0.61–0.73)). The analysis of the parameters within the two study groups revealed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in cervical artery pressure in group 1 (0.37 (0.25–0.57)) compared with group 2 (0.63 (0.59–0.67)). No correlation was noted in the correlation analysis of the RI of the cervical arteries and uterine arteries in Study Group I and II.
Conclusion. The use of TVUS with Dopplerography in combination with other screening methods can be used as an additional method to improve the results of early diagnosis and treatment of precancerous diseases of the cervix.

Early manifestation of age‑associated diseases is linked to pathological free radical formation and the development of chronic oxidative stress. Vaccinium praestans Lamb (redberry, klopovka) is of practical interest for the prevention of such diseases as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Purpose of the study. To identify phenolic compounds in V. praestans fruits, screen their potential biological activity, and experimentally determine the antioxidant activity of V. praestans fruit liquid extract in vitro and in vivo.
Materials and methods. The composition of phenolic compounds in the liquid extract of V. praestans fruits was analyzed using high‑performance liquid chromato‑mass‑spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Total soluble phenolic compounds were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Preliminary screening of biological activity of the identified phenolic compounds was performed using the PASS online computational prediction tool. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using the ABTS and FRAP assays. The effect of the extract on the antioxidant defense system of rats was assessed by modeling oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride administration.
Results. Ten phenolic compounds were identified in the liquid extract of V. praestans fruits, including quercetin glycosides, catechin, cyanidin glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids, and their derivatives. The total phenolic content in the liquid extract of V. praestans fruits was 9.1 ± 0.12 mg‑GAE/mL. Preliminary biological activity screening indicated that the identified phenolic compounds may exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antihypoxic, and cytoprotective activities. Antiradical activity of the liquid extract was confirmed using ABTS and FRAP assays. In the rat oxidative stress model, administration of the V. praestans liquid extract reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 20.57 % and increased total antiradical activity (TAA) 1.72‑fold compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. The study expands current knowledge on the chemical composition and pharmacological activity spectrum of V. praestans fruits.

Purpose of the study. Analysis of the clinical characteristics of patients with uveal melanoma to determine the features of the disease course.
Patients and methods. The study included 223 patients with a diagnosis of uveal melanoma who were examined at the NMRC for Oncology, the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, in the period from 2019 to 2024. All patients underwent a standard ophthalmological examination, and computed tomography of the orbits, chest, and abdominal organs was performed. Using the methods of standard descriptive statistics, patient data were analyzed in order to identify the ratio of the following: gender, age, location of the neoplasm and its size, the degree of spread of the primary tumor, metastasis and clinical symptoms.
Results. In the study group, the number of male patients was 92 people (41.2 %) and female patients – 131 people (58.8 %). The average age of all patients was 61.3 ± 0.9 years. The incidence among female patients is higher than among male patients, especially at the age of 60 to 74 years. The most common localization of uveal melanoma is the choroid, which accounted for 85.6 % (191 patients). Tumors with degree of spread of T2 and T3 were predominant – 70 (31.4 %) and 76 (34.1 %) people, respectively. Medium and large tumors were diagnosed in a larger number of patients – 30.9 % and 40.4 %, respectively. Among all patients, distant metastases were detected in 11.6 %. The main site of metastasis is the liver (61 %). To a lesser extent, metastatic lesions were found in the lungs and bones (9–13 %), as well as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas and brain (3–7 %). A wide range of symptoms and consequences of the spread of the primary tumor was revealed.
Conclusion. The variety of clinical symptoms in uveal melanoma depends on the location and extent of the tumor. Understanding the features of the development of the disease and its manifestations contributes to timely diagnosis and effective treatment.

Purpose of the study. The present study investigates the antitumour effect of tropolone 2-(1,1‑dimethyl‑1H-benzo[e]indolin‑2‑yl)-5,6,7‑trichloro‑1,3‑tropolone (JO‑122(2)) in monotherapy and in combination with fluorouracil in subcutaneous CDX models of gastric cancer.
Materials and methods. The experimental work was conducted on female BALB/c Nude mice (n = 32), with ages ranging from 6 to 8 weeks. The CDX models were created by subcutaneous administration of a tumor culture of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) in a dose of 5 × 106 cells per mouse. After the tumors reaching a volume of 70–100 mm³, the animals were divided into four groups of eight individuals each, with the objective of ensuring minimal variation in the mean tumor node volume between groups. The efficacy of the therapeutic intervention was evaluated by measuring the inhibition of tumor growth (TGI %). The statistical data processing was performed using the Microsoft Excel 2013 and STATISTICA 12 software packages. The Mann–Whitney U test was utilized to evaluate the disparities between the experimental and control groups. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results. Consequently, subcutaneous CDX models of gastric adenocarcinoma were obtained. The study demonstrated that the administration of JO‑122(2) as a monotherapy did not result in a statistically significant impact on the growth of tumor nodes. The most significant antitumor activity was observed in the group administered combination therapy (JO‑122(2) + 5‑fluorouracil). The mean value of tumor node volumes at the conclusion of the experiment (on day 29 after the commencement of treatment) in this group was 513.98 ± 56.50 mm³, whereas in the control group it was 915.08 ± 49.93 mm³. A comparison of tumor growth rates between the groups receiving 5‑fluorouracil monotherapy and combination therapy revealed statistically significant differences as early as the 22nd day of the experiment. Furthermore, the highest TPO value was observed in the group administered the combination of drugs, at 43.83 %.
Conclusion. The results demonstrated a more effective antitumor effect on gastric adenocarcinoma models when tropolone was used in combination with a cytostatic. This finding suggests the potential for further investigation into the properties of this compound and the possibility of extending its study.

Pulmonary metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) represent a significant clinical problem that requires a multidisciplinary approach in determining treatment tactics. To date, there are no prognostic scales and algorithms that make it possible to stratify patients with metastatic lung damage and give preference to surgical treatment, systemic or radiotherapy.
Purpose of the study. To systematize data on treatment methods for pulmonary metastases of CRC and to evaluate the influence of prognostic factors on survival rates in this cohort of patients.
Materials and methods. The analysis of publications for 2000–2025 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out using the keywords: "colorectal cancer", "pulmonary metastases", "thoracoscopic surgery", "stereotactic radiation therapy", "circulating tumor DNA". Studies that do not correspond to the topic, duplicate data, and work on metastatic lung damage in other nosologies are excluded.
Results. The results of treatment in the group of patients with pulmonary metastases of CRC are significantly influenced by many characteristics of the tumor. These include the number of metastatic foci, the presence or absence of affected mediastinal lymph nodes, and the level of cancer-­ embryonic antigen (CEA). A prognostically unfavorable factor is a history of metastatic liver damage and KRAS/BRAF mutations. The localization of the primary tumor among patients with oligometastatic CRC is also significant: the left-sided localization of the primary tumor is characterized by better overall survival rates than with the right-­sided lesion.
Conclusion. Surgical resection for pulmonary metastases is the standard of treatment in the group of patients with oligometastatic CRC. Therapeutic tactics for each individual case should be determined by a multidisciplinary team, considering the biological and genetic characteristics of the tumor. In the presence of negative prognosis factors, adjuvant systemic therapy can improve long-term treatment outcomes. Modern treatment approaches for pulmonary metastases are based on data from retrospective studies, which highlights the need for prospective randomized trials and the importance of developing standardized algorithms.

Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of less than two years. Great hopes in the complex treatment of glioblastomas are placed on the use of immunotherapy, including vaccine therapy.
Purpose of the study. To reflect the features of the use of vaccine therapy for brain tumors based on the analysis of modern scientific publications and present the results obtained in Russia and abroad. Materials and methods. The literature search was conducted in the Medline, E-library, PubMed systems.
Results. The review presents data on unsatisfactory results of standard treatment of glioblastomas, characterizes their biological differences that determine weak sensitivity to most types of antitumor therapy and difficulties arising during vaccination; describes the properties of dendritic cells and their significance for the development of one of the main types of vaccines. The results of non-randomized and few randomized studies on the clinical use of vaccine therapy in Russia and abroad, mainly dendritic cell vaccines (DCVs) in patients with glioblastomas are highlighted. The prospects of personalized vaccination are emphasized; the effect of DCVs on some components of the immune system is described, as well as the dual role of exosomes in the development of a malignant process, resistance to treatment and the possibility of their use in creating vaccines. Information on clinical experience with the use of peptide vaccines and vaccines based on matrix RNA is presented.
Conclusion. Despite certain difficulties in the use of vaccine therapy in patients with glioblastomas, encouraging results have been obtained in Russia and abroad. It is emphasized that antitumor vaccines have undoubted potential for the treatment of glioblastomas and are becoming promising methods of immunotherapy that can bring clinical benefit to patients with these most aggressive and difficult to treat malignant tumors.

Purpose of the study. Analysis of literature data on cases of spleen sarcoidosis focal manifestations.
Materials and methods. A search was conducted for publications in the PubMed database using the keywords "splenic sarcoidosis", "isolated splenic sarcoidosis" and "primary splenic sarcoidosis" for the period from 1944 to 2024. Articles describing clinical observations of spleen sarcoidosis were selected, where it was possible to reliably determine the presence of focal manifestations of spleen sarcoidosis with a descriptive diagnostic picture, morphological verification, as well as additional information about lesions of other organs.
Results. The analysis of these articles revealed 128 cases of spleen sarcoidosis, of which isolated focal spleen sarcoidosis was detected in 41 (32.0 %) cases. Combined sarcoidosis (in which the lesion of the spleen was combined with one or two other localizations or was part of a multiple lesion of the entire organism) accounted for 68.0 % of cases. Sarcoidosis developed synchronously or after surgical treatment of cancer in 22 (17.2 %) cases: synchronously – 12 (54.5 %) cases; in the postoperative period – 10 (45.5 %). An analysis of the identified observations is carried out. The main clinical and radiation characteristics of focal sarcoidosis of the spleen, as well as the most common other localizations in our analysis, are highlighted.
Conclusion. Spleen lesions can occur in various clinical situations, ranging from asymptomatic patients to critically ill patients. However, focal formations of the spleen are quite rare, which makes it difficult to collect data from large groups of homogeneous morphological forms for analysis and development of criteria for differential diagnosis, therefore, the presence of a focus in the spleen often causes difficulties for specialists to make a diagnosis. The review identifies the incidence rates of focal spleen sarcoidosis and highlights its main clinical and radiation characteristics. Knowledge of these signs makes it possible to differentiate the disease, especially with an isolated lesion.

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is one of the most complex congenital heart defects, which requires surgical intervention in the first days after the birth of a child. The article describes a unique clinical case of a patient with TGA who underwent two- stage surgical correction in childhood with long-term complications 30 years after surgery.
In the presented clinical case, computed tomography (CT) with contrast and ECG synchronization demonstrated advantages over echocardiography (EchoCG), becoming the determining method for choosing a further treatment strategy. The importance of CT diagnostics was due to the following advantages: three-­dimensional visualization of conduit degeneration (calcification, 72 % stenosis), accurate assessment of right ventricular remodeling, diagnosis of subclinical thrombosis of the distal branches of the pulmonary artery, quantitative analysis of right ventricular function, visualization of collateral circulation, detection of ascites and signs of liver fibrosis.
The analysis of the presented clinical observation demonstrates the possibilities of X-ray imaging methods and emphasizes the need to monitor patients after TGA correction.